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<title>Butrint</title>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Butrint</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Butrint</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">Butrint <span class="languageicon">(in Albanian)</span> <br> Boυθρωτόν <i>Bouthroton</i> <span class="languageicon">(in Greek)</span> <br> Buthrotum <span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption">Theatre of Buthrotum</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1291884410">

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</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:255px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:255px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:255px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:87.623%;left:53.767%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Butrint"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Albania</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="Vlor%C3%AB_County" title="Vlorë County">Vlorë County</a>, <a href="Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="Chaonia" title="Chaonia">Chaonia</a>

 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:39.745555555555555,20.020555555555553"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°44′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">20°1′14″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.74556°N 20.02056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.74556; 20.02056</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data">Antiquity and Middle Ages</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Luigi_Maria_Ugolini" title="Luigi Maria Ugolini">Luigi Maria Ugolini</a> and Hasan Ceka</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">yes</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">

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</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;">

<a href="World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: iii</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/570">570</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1992 (16th <a href="World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Extensions</th><td class="infobox-data">1999</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">Endangered</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1997 to 2005</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #8DE3D2; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;">

<a href="Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Wetland</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Butrint</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">28 March 2003</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1290<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2">

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<p><b>Butrint</b> (<a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Βουθρωτόν and Βουθρωτός<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>, <small><a href="Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn"><i>Bouthrōtón</i></i></span>, <a href="Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Buthrōtum</i>, <a href="Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Butrint</i>) was an <a href="Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> <a href="Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> and later <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> city and the seat of an early Christian bishopric in <a href="Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>.

</p><p>Originally a settlement of the Greek tribe of the <a href="Chaonians" title="Chaonians">Chaonians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Borza_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borza-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CAH_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAH-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it later became part of the <a href="Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">state of Epirus</a> and later a Roman <i><a href="Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a></i> and a Byzantine <a href="Bishop" title="Bishop">bishopric</a>. It entered into decline in <a href="Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, before being abandoned during the Middle Ages after a major earthquake flooded most of the city. In modern times it is an <a href="Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archeological</a> site in <a href="Vlor%C3%AB_County" title="Vlorë County">Vlorë County</a>, <a href="Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, some 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) south of <a href="Sarand%C3%AB" title="Sarandë">Sarandë</a>, close to the <a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> border. It is located on a hill overlooking the <a href="Vivari_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivari Channel">Vivari Channel</a> and is part of the <a href="Butrint_National_Park" title="Butrint National Park">Butrint National Park</a>. Today Bouthrotum is a Latin Catholic <a href="Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a> and also features the <a href="Ali_Pasha_Castle" title="Ali Pasha Castle">Ali Pasha Castle</a>.

</p><p>The city is considered one of the most important <a href="Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological sites</a> in Albania. On the strength of the immense wealth of cultural, historical and natural value with a considerable history, Butrint was declared a <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1992 and further a <a href="Butrint_National_Park" title="Butrint National Park">National Park</a> in 2000 under the leadership of <a href="Auron_Tare" title="Auron Tare">Auron Tare</a>, its first director.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div>

<p>The earliest archaeological evidence of settled occupation dates to between 10th and 8th centuries BC, although some claim that there is earlier evidence of habitation dating from the 12th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-ceka_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceka-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greek_period">Ancient Greek period</h3></div>

<p>Excavation at Bouthroton has yielded <a href="Proto-Corinthian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Corinthian">Proto-Corinthian</a> pottery of the 7th century and then <a href="Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinthian</a> and <a href="Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> pottery of the 6th century, however there are no indications of a prehistoric settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bouthroton</i> was in a strategically important position due its access to the <a href="Straits_of_Corfu" title="Straits of Corfu">Straits of Corfu</a>, and its location at the crossroads of mainland Greece and <a href="Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>, the Greek and the "barbarian" worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it became one of the two ancient ports in lower <a href="Chaonia" title="Chaonia">Chaonia</a>, the other being <a href="Onchesmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Onchesmos">Onchesmos</a> (modern Sarandë).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i>Bouthroton</i> (modern day Butrint) was originally one of the major centres of the Epirote tribe of the <a href="Chaonians" title="Chaonians">Chaonians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> part of the northwestern Greek group of tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-CAH437_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAH437-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had close contacts to the <a href="Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinthian</a> colony of <a href="Korkyra_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Korkyra (polis)">Corcyra</a> (modern <a href="Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>). According to the Roman writer <a href="Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, its legendary founder was the seer <a href="Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a>, a son of <a href="Priam" title="Priam">king Priam</a> <a href="Troy" title="Troy">of Troy</a>, who had moved West after the fall of Troy with <a href="Neoptolemus" title="Neoptolemus">Neoptolemus</a> and his concubine <a href="Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a>. Both Virgil and the Greek historian <a href="Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> recorded that <a href="Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> visited <i>Bouthroton</i> after his own escape from the destruction of Troy.

</p>

<p>The acropolis was erected on a hill on the bank of a <a href="Lake_Butrint" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Butrint">lake Butrint</a> (or lake Bouthrotum). The first extension of the 7th century BC acropolis occurred during the 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Andreou_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andreou-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first years of the second <a href="Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> (413–404 BC) the Corkyreans built fortifications stretching from <a href="Ksamil" title="Ksamil">Ksamil</a> to Buthrotum. Buthrotum being previously an independent city, became subject to nearby Corfu.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>By the 4th century BC it had grown in importance and included a <a href="Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">theatre</a>, a sanctuary dedicated to <a href="Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a> and an <a href="Agora" title="Agora">agora</a>. The acropolis of Bouthrotum was protected by three circuit walls. The last and outer wall was erected around 380 BC enclosing and area of 4ha. This 870m-long wall included bastions and five gates.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the most important gates were known as Scean and Lion gate.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the agora, the <a href="Stoa" title="Stoa">stoas</a>, the residential zone and the theatre were located in a separate walled area.<sup id="cite_ref-Andreou_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andreou-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Several inscriptions in Buthrotum describe the organization of the Chaonians in the beginning of the 3rd cent. BC. which show that they too had an annual leader called <i>Prostates</i> (<a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Προστάτης</span> Protector).<sup id="cite_ref-CAH437_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAH437-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek calendar of Bouthroton appears in the oldest known <a href="Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">analog computer</a>, the so-called <a href="Antikythera_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antikythera Mechanism">Antikythera Mechanism</a> (c. 150 to 100 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The theatre is known for the impressive number of inscriptions carved on its stones. Most of them deal with manumissions and give a great amount of details on the city during the Hellenistic era.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names of those slaves were almost exclusively Greek with a few exception of Latin ones which bore Greek family names.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 228 BC <i>Buthrotum</i> became a Roman <a href="Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> alongside Corfu.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the middle of the second century BC Buthrotum was the centre of an independent state, possibly the "Koinon of the Prasaiboi", as listed in the list of the <a href="Theorodokoi" title="Theorodokoi">theorodokoi</a> at the <a href="Oracle_of_Delphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle of Delphi">Oracle of Delphi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Roman_period">Ancient Roman period</h3></div>

<p>In the next century, it became a part of a province of <a href="Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>. In 44 BC, <a href="Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a> designated <i>Buthrotum</i> as a <a href="Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colony</a> to reward soldiers who had fought for him against <a href="Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>. Local landholder <a href="Titus_Pomponius_Atticus" title="Titus Pomponius Atticus">Titus Pomponius Atticus</a> objected to his correspondent <a href="Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> who lobbied against the plan in the Senate. As a result, only small numbers of colonists were settled.

</p>

<p>In 31 BC, <a href="Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> fresh from his victory over <a href="Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and Cleopatra at the <a href="Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">battle of Actium</a> renewed the plan to make <i>Buthrotum</i> a veterans' colony. New residents expanded the city and the construction included an <a href="Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">aqueduct</a>, a <a href="Roman_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman bath">Roman bath</a>, houses, a forum complex and a <a href="Nymphaeum" title="Nymphaeum">nymphaeum</a>. During that era the size of the town was doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of new structures were built next to the existing ones especially around the theatre and the temple of Asklepeios.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the 3rd century AD, an <a href="Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> destroyed a large part of the town, levelling buildings in the suburbs on the Vrina Plain and in the forum of the city centre. Excavations have revealed that city had already been in decline. However, the settlement survived into the late antique era, becoming a major port in the province of Old Epirus. The town of late antiquity included the grand <i>Triconch Palace</i>, the house of a major local notable that was built around 425.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_and_possible_Slavic_period">Byzantine and possible Slavic period</h3></div>

<p>The walls of the city were extensively rebuilt, most probably at the end of the 5th century, perhaps by <a href="Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius</a>. The <a href="Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> under <a href="Indulf_(6th_century)" title="Indulf (6th century)">Indulf</a> raided the Ionian coast in 550 and may have attacked Buthrotum. In the end of 6th century groups of Slavs possibly arrived at Buthrotum.<sup id="cite_ref-HodgesBowden2004_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HodgesBowden2004-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence from the excavations shows that importation of commodities, wine and oil from the Eastern Mediterranean continued into the early years of the 7th century when the early Byzantine Empire <a href="Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">lost these provinces</a>. During the period of Slavic invasions and population movements in the wider region Butrotum was one of the few cities in Epirus that survived and retained its status as a seat of a bishopric without interruption.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Because of the scarcity of sources, it is difficult to assess whether Buthrotos was controlled by Slavs or Byzantines between the 7th to 10th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges2008_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges2008-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byzantine written sources of that time mention that Saint <a href="Elias_of_Enna" title="Elias of Enna">Elias of Enna</a> was detained as a spy in Bouthrotos, while <a href="Arsenios_of_Corfu" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenios of Corfu">Arsenios of Corfu</a> (876–953) noted the marine wealth of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-Decker_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decker-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Grand Basilica of Buthrotum was built during the first half of the 6th century on the northeast side of the settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other monuments include the Acropolic Basilica (4th century), the Triconch Palace (6th century), the Baptistery with a large, complex mosaic (6th century), the Lake Gate church (9th century) and the Baptistery church (9th century).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonization by the Byzantine authorities seems to coincide during the reign of <a href="Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a> (886–912). Imperial administrators of that time possibly governed the region from the "oikos" (<a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">οίκος</span>, <i>residence</i>) from Vrina plain rather than from the citadel.<sup id="cite_ref-Decker_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decker-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological records become stronger in the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Decker_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decker-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The inventories of bishoprics from the 10th to 12th centuries identify the bishop of Butrint as subject to the <a href="Metropolis_of_Nafpaktos_and_Agios_Vlasios" title="Metropolis of Nafpaktos and Agios Vlasios">metropolitan bishopric of Nafpaktos</a>, the ecclesiastical province that took the name of the old provincial capital of <a href="Nicopolis" title="Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab traveller <a href="Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a> noted in the 12th century that Buthrotum is a densely populated city with a number of markets.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It remained an outpost of the Byzantine empire fending off assaults from the <a href="Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> until 1204 when following the <a href="Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, the <a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> fragmented, Buthrotum falling to the breakaway <a href="Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>. In the following centuries, the area was a site of conflict between the Byzantines, the <a href="Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevins</a> of southern Italy, and the <a href="Venice" title="Venice">Venetians</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_Angevins,_Byzantine_Empire_and_Despotate_of_Epirus">Between Angevins, Byzantine Empire and Despotate of Epirus</h3></div>

<p>The fortifications were probably strengthened by Byzantine Emperor Michael I.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1267, <a href="Charles_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Anjou">Charles of Anjou</a> took control of both Butrint and Corfu, leading to further restorations of the walls and the Grand Basilica. In 1274, Byzantine forces re-entered Butrint, an act which caused conflict between the Byzantines and the <a href="Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>, because <a href="Nikephoros_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas">Despot Nikephoros</a> considered the site to be his domain.<sup id="cite_ref-Lala3738_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lala3738-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite deep religious differences between the Catholic Charles of Anjou and the staunchly Orthodox Nikephoros, the two allied against Byzantine Emperor Michael, and together drove the Byzantines from the area in 1278.<sup id="cite_ref-Lala3738_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lala3738-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, pressed by Charles, Nikephoros ultimately ended up recognizing Charles' rights to all the town that Michael II had awarded to <a href="Manfred%2C_King_of_Sicily" title="Manfred, King of Sicily">Manfred of Hohenstaufen</a> as part of his wife <a href="Helena_Angelina_Doukaina" title="Helena Angelina Doukaina">Helen</a>'s dowry, as Charles was his successor, thus ceding to him Butrint as well as the entire Acroceraunian Coast from Vlora to Butrint.<sup id="cite_ref-Lala3738_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lala3738-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_part_of_the_Angevin_Regnum_Albaniae">As part of the Angevin <i>Regnum Albaniae</i></h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Regnum_Albaniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Regnum Albaniae">Regnum Albaniae</a></div>

<p>From 1284 Byzantine Emperor <a href="Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II</a> was in control of most of today's Albania and Angevin control on the Balkan mainland was limited to Butrinto, the later formed a single administrative unit together with nearby Corfu.<sup id="cite_ref-HodgesKosta86_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HodgesKosta86-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 14th century the site shared a similar fate with Corfu.<sup id="cite_ref-HodgesKosta86_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HodgesKosta86-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butrint remained under Angevin rule until 1386, with only two other interruptions: in 1306, and in 1313–1331.<sup id="cite_ref-Lala147_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lala147-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1305-1306 it was controlled by the Despot of Epirus, <a href="Thomas_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Thomas I Komnenos Doukas">Thomas I Komnenos Doukas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butrint became Catholic after it was conquered by the Angevins, and remained so throughout the fourteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Lala147_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lala147-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Richard_Hodges_(archaeologist)" title="Richard Hodges (archaeologist)">Hodges</a> argues that the "episodic" defensive investment in Butrint as a town during this period demonstrates that it still possessed an active urban population, although not one urban dwelling had been identified at the time of writing. Hodges argues this indicates that dwellings were concentrated on the slopes of the northern citadel. The Orthodox Bishopric was transferred to nearby <a href="Glyki" title="Glyki">Glyki</a> in 1337 or 1338. The town was reduced in size during the end of the 14th century, due to the tumultuous unrest in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_Venice_and_the_Ottoman_Empire">Between Venice and the Ottoman Empire</h3></div><p>

The dogal <a href="Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> purchased the area including Corfu from the Angevins in 1386; however, the Venetian merchants were principally interested in Corfu and Butrinto once again declined.</p>

<p>By 1572 the wars between Venice and the <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> had left Butrinto ruinous and the acropolis was abandoned, while at the order of Domenico Foscarini, the Venetian commander of Corfu, the administration of Butrinto and its environs was shifted to a small triangular fortress associated with the extensive fish weirs. The area was lightly settled afterwards, occasionally being seized by the Ottoman Turks, in 1655 and 1718, before being recaptured by the Venetians. Its fisheries were a vital contributor to the supply of Corfu, and olive growing together with cattle and timber were the principal economic activities.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> of 1797 split between France and Austria the territory of the Republic of Venice, which France had just <a href="Fall_of_the_Republic_of_Venice" title="Fall of the Republic of Venice">occupied and abolished</a>, and under article 5 of the treaty, Butrinto and the other former Venetian enclaves in Albania came <a href="Republican_French_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican French rule in the Ionian Islands">under French sovereignty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>However, in October 1798 the city was <a href="Siege_of_Butrint_(1798)" title="Siege of Butrint (1798)">conquered</a> by the local <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> ruler <a href="Ali_Pasha_Tepelena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha Tepelena">Ali Pasha Tepelena</a>, and after his death, it officially became a part of the Ottoman Empire until Albania gained its independence in 1912. By that time, the site of the original city had been unoccupied for centuries and was surrounded by malarial marshes. During Ottoman rule in Epirus, the inhabitants of Butrint displayed continuous support for Greek revolutionary activities.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Albania">Modern Albania</h3></div>

<p>In 1913, after the end of the <a href="First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>, Butrint was ceded to <a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> but Italy challenged the decision and in the <a href="Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a> the region was given to the newly created <a href="Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania</a>. As such Butrint was located near the southern border of the newly established Albanian state in a largely Greek-speaking territory.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local Greek population was enraged and created an <a href="Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus</a>, for six months, before it was reluctantly ceded to Albania, with peace assured by Italian peacekeeping force until 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy rejected the decision because it didn't want Greece to control both sides of the <a href="Straits_of_Corfu" title="Straits of Corfu">Straits of Corfu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecclesiastical_history">Ecclesiastical history</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential_bishopric">Residential bishopric</h3></div>

<p>In the early 6th century, Buthrotum became the seat of a bishopric and new construction included the <a href="The_Butrint_baptistry" class="mw-redirect" title="The Butrint baptistry">Buthrotum baptistery</a>, one of the largest such paleochristian buildings of its type, and a <a href="Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>. The diocese of Buthrotum was initially a <a href="Suffragan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragan">suffragan</a> of the <a href="Metropolis_of_Nicopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolis of Nicopolis">Metropolis of Nicopolis</a>, the metropolitan capital of <a href="Epirus_Vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Vetus">Epirus Vetus</a> and in the papal sway, but in the 9th and 10th centuries it is listed with the suffragans of <a href="Metropolis_of_Naupaktos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolis of Naupaktos">Naupaktos</a>, which succeeded ruined Nicopolis as provincial capital and metropolis of the new Byzantine <a href="Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a> of <a href="Nicopolis_(theme)" title="Nicopolis (theme)">Nicopolis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bringing it in the sway of the Byzantine <a href="Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>. After the 14th century, it was under the jurisdiction of the <a href="Metropolis_of_Ioannina" title="Metropolis of Ioannina">Metropolis of Ioannina</a>.

</p><p>Two of its Byzantine (pre-Eastern Schism) bishops are mentioned in extant documents:

</p>

<ul><li>Stephanus signed the joint letter of the bishops of <a href="Epirus_Vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Vetus">Epirus Vetus</a> to Emperor <a href="Leo_I_the_Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo I the Thracian">Leo I the Thracian</a> in the aftermath of the killing of Patriarch <a href="Proterius_of_Alexandria" title="Proterius of Alexandria">Proterius of Alexandria</a> in 458</li>

<li>Matthaeus signed the synodal letter of the bishops of the province to <a href="Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Pope Hormisdas</a> in 516 concerning the ordination of Metropolitan John of Nicopolis.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became a <a href="Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> see under Angevin and Venetian rule.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_residential_bishopric">Latin residential bishopric</h3></div>

<p>A Latin see was established circa 1250 under the Italian name <i>Butrinto</i>, functioning under <a href="Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevin</a> and <a href="Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> rule, but suppressed circa 1400. The 6th-century <a href="Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> was rebuilt by king <a href="Charles_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Naples">Charles I of Naples</a> in 1267.

</p>

<dl><dt>Known Latin bishops</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Nicola, <a href="Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">O.P.</a> (? – 1311.02.15)</li>

<li>Nicola, O.P. (1311.05.23 – ?)</li>

<li>Nicola da Offida, <a href="Friars_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Friars Minor">O.F.M.</a> (? – 1349.06.15)</li>

<li>Francesco (? – ?)</li>

<li>Arnaldo Simone (? – 1355.02.13)</li>

<li>Giacomo, O.P. (1356.10.12 – ?)</li>

<li>Lazzarino, O.F.M. (1366.02.09 – ?)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_titular_see">Catholic titular see</h3></div>

<p>Buthrotum is today listed by the <a href="Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as a Latin titular see <sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since the diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as <a href="Titular_bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Titular bishopric">titular bishopric</a> of Buthrotum (Latin) / Butrinto (Curiate Italian) / Butrint (Albanian).

</p><p>Following titular bishops have been nominated:

</p>

<ul><li>Louis-Bertrand Tirilly, <a href="Picpus_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Picpus Fathers">SS.CC.</a> (1953.11.16 – 1966.06.21) as last <a href="Apostolic_Vicar" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Vicar">Apostolic Vicar</a> of <a href="Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Marquesas_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Vicariate of Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a></li>

<li>George Frendo (7. 7. 2006 – 17. 11. 2016), <a href="Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">O.P.</a>, <a href="Auxiliary_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary Bishop">Auxiliary Bishop</a> of the <a href="Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tiran%C3%AB%E2%80%93Durr%C3%ABs" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tiranë–Durrës">Archdiocese of Tiranë–Durrës</a> (<a href="Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>) (7. 7. 2006 – 17. 11. 2016), also Secretary General of Episcopal Conference of Albania (2016.05.05 – ...)</li>

<li>Friar Giovanni Salonia, <a href="Capuchin_Franciscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Capuchin Franciscans">O.F.M. Cap.</a>, (10. 2. 2017 – resigned 27. 4. 2017) as Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Palermo" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Palermo">Archdiocese of Palermo</a></li>

<li>Zdeněk Wasserbauer (* 16. 6. 1965), Auxiliary Bishop of <a href="Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Prague" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Prague">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Prague</a>, since 19. 5. 2018</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_excavations">Archaeological excavations</h2></div>

<p>The first modern archaeological excavations began in 1928 when the <a href="Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist</a> government of <a href="Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> sent an expedition to Butrint. The aim was geopolitical rather than scientific, aiming to extend Italian hegemony in the area. The leader was an Italian archaeologist, <a href="Luigi_Maria_Ugolini" title="Luigi Maria Ugolini">Luigi Maria Ugolini</a> who despite the political aims of his mission was a good archaeologist. Ugolini died in 1936, but the excavations continued until 1943 and the <a href="Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. They uncovered the <a href="Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> and <a href="Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> part of the city including the "Lion Gate" and the "Scaean Gate" (named by Ugolini for the famous gate at <a href="Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> mentioned in the <a href="Homer" title="Homer">Homeric</a> <i><a href="Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>).

</p><p>After the <a href="Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> government of <a href="Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> took Albania over in 1944, foreign archaeological missions were banned. Albanian archaeologists including Hasan Ceka continued the work. <a href="Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> visited the ruins in 1959 and suggested that Hoxha should turn the area into a submarine base. The Albanian Institute of Archaeology began larger scale excavations in the 1970s. Since 1993 further major excavations have taken place led by the <a href="Butrint_Foundation" title="Butrint Foundation">Butrint Foundation</a> in collaboration with the Albanian Institute of Archaeology. Recent excavations in the western defences of the city have revealed evidence of the continued use of the walls, implying the continuation of life in the town. The walls themselves certainly seem to have burnt down in the 9th century, but were subsequently repaired.

</p><p>After the collapse of the communist regime in 1992, the new democratic government planned various major developments at the site. The same year remains of Butrint were included in the <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> list of <a href="World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Sites</a>. A major political and economic crisis in 1997 and lobbying stopped the airport plan and UNESCO placed it on the <a href="List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">List of World Heritage in Danger</a> because of <a href="Looting" title="Looting">looting</a>, lack of protection, management and conservation. Archaeological missions during 1994–9 uncovered further <a href="Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villas</a> and an early Christian church.<sup id="cite_ref-HodgesBowden2004_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HodgesBowden2004-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> archaeological excavations continued under principal investigator, David R. Hernandez.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Climate change means that the site, especially the area of the ancient theatre and Roman forum, can sometimes be covered with water, and a new management plan for both the cultural and natural assets has been implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Directions">Directions</h2></div>

<p>The site of Butrint is accessible from <a href="Sarand%C3%AB" title="Sarandë">Sarandë</a>, along a road first built in 1959 for a visit by the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> leader <a href="Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>. This road was upgraded during the summer of 2010. The construction was somewhat of an environmental disaster and may yet threaten Butrint's World Heritage Site status. The ancient city is becoming a popular tourist destination, attracting day-trippers from the nearby Greek holiday island of Corfu. Hydrofoils (30 minutes) and ferries (90 minutes) run daily between <a href="Corfu_(city)" title="Corfu (city)">Corfu</a> and Sarandë.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

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</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_locals">Notable locals</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Saint_Therinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Therinus">Saint Therinus</a>, 3rd-century saint</li>

<li><a href="Donatus_of_Euroea" title="Donatus of Euroea">Donatus of Euroea</a>, 4th-century saint</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Venetian_Acropolis_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Acropolis Castle">Venetian Acropolis Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Venetian_Triangular_Castle" title="Venetian Triangular Castle">Venetian Triangular Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Lake_Butrint" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Butrint">Lake Butrint</a></li>

<li><a href="Channel_of_Vivari" title="Channel of Vivari">Channel of Vivari</a></li>

<li><a href="Butrint_National_Park" title="Butrint National Park">Butrint National Park</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Albania" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Albania">List of Catholic dioceses in Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">List of cities in ancient Epirus</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://butrint.nd.edu/">Excavations of the Roman Forum at Butrint</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1290">"Butrint"</a>. <i><a href="Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a> Sites Information Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/241#O709.16">Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, O709.1</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Borza-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Borza_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBorza1992" class="citation book cs1">Borza, Eugene N. (1992). <i>In the Shadow of Olympus: the Emergence of Macedon</i> (Revised ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <q>Speakers of these various Greek dialects settled different parts of Greece at different times during the Middle Bronze Age, with one group, the 'northwest' Greeks, developing their own dialect and peopling central Epirus. This was the origin of the Molossian or Epirotic tribes. [...] a proper dialect of Greek, like the dialects spoken by Dorians and Molossians. ... The western mountains were peopled by the Molossians (the western Greeks of Epirus).</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CAH-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CAH_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCrew1982" class="citation book cs1">Crew, P. Mack (1982). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History – The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries BC, Part 3: Volume 3</i> (Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <q>That the Molossians... spoke Illyrian or another barbaric tongue was nowhere suggested, although <a href="Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> and <a href="Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> wrote of Molossian lands. That they in fact spoke greek was implied by <a href="Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>' inclusion of Molossi among the Greek colonists of Asia Minor, but became demonstrable only when D. Evangelides published two long inscriptions of the Molossian State, set up p. 369 BC at <a href="Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a>, in Greek and with Greek names, Greek patronymies and Greek tribal names such as Celaethi, Omphales, Tripolitae, Triphylae etc. As the Molossian cluster of tribes in the time of Hecataeus included the Orestae, Pelagones, Lyncestae, Tymphaei and Elimeotae, as we have argued above, we may be confident that they too were Greek-speaking.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hammond-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1994" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, NGL (1994). <i>Philip of Macedon</i>. London, UK: Duckworth. <q>Epirus was a land of milk and animal products ... The social unit was a small tribe, consisting of several nomadic or semi-nomadic groups, and these tribes, of which more than seventy names are known, coalesced into large tribal coalitions, three in number: Thesprotians, Molossians and Chaonians ... We know from the discovery of inscriptions that these tribes were speaking the Greek language (in a West-Greek dialect).</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO" class="citation web cs1"><a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/570">"Butrint"</a>. <i>whc.unesco.org</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027181722/http://www.imk.gov.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/VKM-Nr.82-date-2.3.2000-PER-SHPALLJEN-PARK-KOMBETAR-NE-MBROJTJE-TE-SHTETIT-BUTRINTIT.pdf">"Per Shpalljen Park Kombetar Ne Mbrojtje Te Shtetit Te Zones Arkeologjike Te Butrintit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>imk.gov.al</i> (in Albanian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imk.gov.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/VKM-Nr.82-date-2.3.2000-PER-SHPALLJEN-PARK-KOMBETAR-NE-MBROJTJE-TE-SHTETIT-BUTRINTIT.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ceka-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ceka_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCekatransl._Pranvera_Xhelo2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Neritan_Ceka" title="Neritan Ceka">Ceka, Neritan</a>; transl. Pranvera Xhelo (2002). <i>Buthrotum: Its History & Monuments</i>. <a href="Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>: Cetis Tirana. p. 19. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-99927-801-2-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 3: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries BC, p. 269, Cambridge University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-23447-4</bdi>, 1982</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David R. Hernandez, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2972/hesperia.86.2.0205">Bouthrotos (Butrint) in the Archaic and Classical Periods: The Acropolis and Temple of Athena Polias</a>", <i>Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</i>, Vol.86, No. 2 (April–June 2017), p. 205.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCabanes1997" class="citation journal cs1">Cabanes, P. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ">"The Growth of the Cities"</a>. <i>Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization</i>. Ekdotikē Athēnōn: 92. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789602133712</bdi>. <q>Lower Chaonia utilized the port of Onchesmos (modern Hagioi Saranta) and Bouthrotos</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo. <i>The Geography</i>. Book VII, Chapter 7.5 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/7G*.html">LacusCurtius</a>).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CAH437-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAH437_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAH437_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman1994" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFosAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History: The fourth century B.C</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 437. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780521233484</bdi>. <q>The north-west Greeks occupied a large area, extending in the west from the Gulf of Ambracia to the Gulf of Oricum ... The main groups from south to north were called Thesproti, Athamanes, Molossi, Atintanes, Chaones, Parauaei, ...</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Andreou-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andreou_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andreou_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIoanna1997" class="citation journal cs1">Ioanna, Andreou (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ">"Urban Organization"</a>. <i>Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization</i>. Ekdotikē Athēnōn: 100. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789602133712</bdi>. <q>Bouthrotos, which is situated on a hill on the bank of the lake of the same name, was laid out in the fifth century around an acropolis dating from the seventh century B.C. The walled area at the highest part of the hill, measuring 600x150 m. was ... The agora with its stoas, theatre etc. was organised in a separate, also fortified area.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1997" class="citation journal cs1">Hammond, N. G. L (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ">"The Tribal Systems of Epirus and Neighbouring Areas down to 400 B.C."</a> <i>Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization</i>: 56. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789602133712</bdi>. <q>The early years of the Second Peloponnesian War ... fortification wall in Epirus-, and it is evident that Bouthrotos, an independent city in the time of Hekataios, was made subject to Kerkyra.</q></cite></span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStillwell2017" class="citation book cs1">Stillwell, Richard (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NpArDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA175"><i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 175. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781400886586</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeth, Tony; Bitsakis, Yanis; Moussas, Xenophon; Seiradakis, John. H.; Tselikas, A.; Mangou, H.; Zafeiropoulou, M.; Hadland, R.; et al. (30 November 2006). "Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism" (PDF). Nature. 444 Supplement (7119): 587–91. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.444..587F">2006Natur.444..587F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05357">10.1038/nature05357</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17136087">17136087</a>. Retrieved 20 May 2014.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeth, Tony; Jones, Alexander (2012). "The Cosmos in the Antikythera Mechanism". Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. Retrieved 19 May 2014</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Cabanes, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20186365">Nouvelles inscriptions d'Albanie Méridionale (Bouthrotos et Apollonia)</a>", <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i>, Bd. 63 (1986), pp. 137–155.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWinnifrith2002" class="citation book cs1">Winnifrith, Tom (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dkRoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Badlands, Borderlands: A History of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania</i></a>. Duckworth. p. 70. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7156-3201-7</bdi>. <q>manumission inscriptions at Butrint, where the names of slaves manumitted are almost all Greek, confirm this...family members</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztqyJi7Ec9UC&q=Buthrotum+became+a+Roman+protectorate&pg=PA65"><i>The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge</i></a>. C. Knight. 1836.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCabanes1997" class="citation journal cs1">Cabanes, P. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ">"From Alexander Molossus to Pyrrhus: Political Developments"</a>. <i>Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization</i>. Ekdotikē Athēnōn: 122. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789602133712</bdi>. <q>The list of thearodokoi of Delphi in the middle of the second century34 confirms that at this period Bouthrotos was the centre of an independent state which was visited by the theoroi</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Andrew_Burnett" title="Andrew Burnett">Andrew M. Burnett</a>, <a href="Michel_Amandry" title="Michel Amandry">Michel Amandry</a>, <a href="Pere_Pau_Ripoll%C3%A8s_Alegre" title="Pere Pau Ripollès Alegre">Pere Pau Ripollès</a>, <i>Roman provincial coinage. : Volume I, From the death of Caesar to the death of Vitellius 44 BC-AD 69</i>, London/Paris, 1992, n°1394.2.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHodgesBowdenLakoRichard_Andrews2004" class="citation book cs1">Hodges, Richard; Bowden, William; Lako, Kosta; Richard Andrews (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V3lpAAAAMAAJ&q=Roman+Butrint+was+more+than+twice+as+big+as+the+town+was+in+the+1st+century+BC"><i>Byzantine Butrint: excavations and surveys 1994–1999</i></a>. Oxbow Books. p. 54. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-84217-158-5</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCabanes1997" class="citation journal cs1">Cabanes, P. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ">"From Alexander Molossus to Pyrrhus: Political Developments"</a>. <i>Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization</i>. Ekdotikē Athēnōn: 126. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789602133712</bdi>. <q>"At Bouthrotos, it is enough to compare the theatre, built of grey poros, with all the Roman structures surrounding it: the skene and the neighbouring buildings, the new sanctuary of Asklepios and the areas next to it</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-HodgesBowden2004-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HodgesBowden2004_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HodgesBowden2004_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHodgesBowdenLakoRichard_Andrews2004" class="citation book cs1">Hodges, Richard; Bowden, William; Lako, Kosta; Richard Andrews (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V3lpAAAAMAAJ&q=Roman+villa"><i>Byzantine Butrint: excavations and surveys 1994–1999</i></a>. Oxbow Books. p. 54. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-84217-158-5</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChrysos1997" class="citation journal cs1">Chrysos, E. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ">"The Foundation of the Themes of Kephallenia, Dyrrachion and Nikopolis"</a>. <i>Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization</i>: 188. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789602133712</bdi>. <q>The foundation of the theme of Nikopolis also marked the end of the transitional period associated with the Slavic invasions and settlements... only two of the old cities have survived -Hadrianoupolis, ... and Bouthrotos, for which we possess exiguous but sufficient evidence of continuity and survival.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hodges2008-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hodges2008_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Hodges2008" class="citation book cs1">Richard Hodges (2008). <i>Rise and Fall of Byzantine Butrint</i>. Butrint Foundation. p. 19.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Decker-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Decker_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Decker_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Decker_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDecker2016" class="citation book cs1">Decker, Michael J. (25 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWTdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT100"><i>The Byzantine Dark Ages</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 57. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4725-3605-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGiakoumēsVlassasHardy1996" class="citation book cs1">Giakoumēs, Geōrgios K.; Vlassas, Grēgorēs; Hardy, David A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNVOAAAAYAAJ"><i>Monuments of Orthodoxy in Albania</i></a>. Doukas School. p. 96. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789607203090</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPratt2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Pratt, Suzanna (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4724922"><i>The impact of heritage management on local communities in the hinterland of Butrint National Park, southern Albania</i></a> (Thesis). p. 17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHodgesBowdenLako2020" class="citation book cs1">Hodges, Richard; Bowden, William; Lako, Kosta (28 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3zKDwAAQBAJ"><i>Byzantine Butrint: Excavations and Surveys 1994-99</i></a>. Oxbow Books. p. 69. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-78570-870-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPrinzing1997" class="citation journal cs1">Prinzing, G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ">"Political, Social and Economic Developments"</a>. <i>Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization</i>. Ekdotikē Athēnōn: 194. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789602133712</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHansenHodgesLeppard2013" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Inge Lyse; Hodges, Richard; Leppard, Sarah (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2X9-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA277"><i>Butrint 4: The Archaeology and Histories of an Ionian Town</i></a>. Oxbow Books. p. 277. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781782971023</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Lala3738-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lala3738_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lala3738_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lala3738_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala, Etleva (2008). <i>Regnum Albaniae</i>. Pages 37-38: Nikephoros I Angelos (1271–1296)... The relations between the despot of Epiros and the king of the Regnum Albaniae varied at different times, but mostly they were cordial because they had a common enemy in Michael VIII. The relationship which developed between them is rather astonishing considering the fact that Charles was a favored vassal of the papacy while Nikephoros was Orthodox, a staunch opponent of the union of the churches and thus an enemy of papal plans in the Byzantine lands... He even used the chance to fight Michael openly, when Byzantine troops entered Butrint (1274), which Despot Nikephoros considered to be his own. Nikephoros was able to retake Butrint from the Byzantines only in 1278, and pressed by Charles, he was forced to make a formal vassal submission to him, yielding to the latter the newly recovered town as well as the port of Sopot. By recognizing Charles’ right to all the towns that Michael II had awarded to Manfred of Hohenstaufen as the dowry of Helen, Nikephoros also surrendered the port of Himara to the Anjous. As a result Charles acquired possession of the Adriatic coast from the Acroceraunian promontory (below the Bay of Vlora) down to Butrinti.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HodgesKosta86-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HodgesKosta86_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HodgesKosta86_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHodgesBowdenLako2020" class="citation book cs1">Hodges, Richard; Bowden, William; Lako, Kosta (28 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3zKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT69"><i>Byzantine Butrint: Excavations and Surveys 1994-99</i></a>. Oxbow Books. p. 86. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-78570-870-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Lala147-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lala147_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lala147_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lala, Etleva (2008). <i>Regnum Albaniae</i>. Page 147</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <i><a href="The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi>.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite encyclopedia}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (help)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHansenHodgesLeppard2013" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Inge Lyse; Hodges, Richard; Leppard, Sarah (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2X9-AwAAQBAJ"><i>Butrint 4: The Archaeology and Histories of an Ionian Town</i></a>. Oxbow Books. p. 16. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781782971023</bdi>. <q>The episodic investment in defending Butrint as a town in the 13th and 14th centuries shows it still possessed an active urban population. Paradoxically not one urban dwelling has yet been identified. These, we may surmise, were concentrated on the slopes of the northern citadel, and perhaps on the steep south-facing lower slopes of the acropolis... In all probability the town had been dwindling in size sine the tumultuous unrest in the region during the later 14th century. Moving the bishopric to Glyki in 1337/38, however, removed a powerful urban institution, and with increasing Ottoman pressure to capture the important fishing here..."</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During his short career as an ensign in a Venetian regiment, 20-year-old <a href="Casanova" class="mw-redirect" title="Casanova">Casanova</a> spent 3 days on Butrinto guarding galley slaves cutting and loading timber on 4 galleys. He mentions the objective of this once-a-year routine was mainly to 'show the flag' and safeguard Venice's rights to that nearly deserted outpost. Giacomo Casanova, <i>Histoire de ma vie</i>, Librairie Plon, Paris, vol II, chap V, p. 198-199.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_campoformio1.html">"Treaty of Campo Formio 1797"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2014" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, K. E. (14 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFgABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70"><i>The Muslim Bonaparte: Diplomacy and Orientalism in Ali Pasha's Greece</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>71. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4008-6497-3</bdi>. <q>... Parga, Vonitza, Preveza, and Butrinto. In 1401 the peoples of Parga had established the precedent of colluding with Venice by placing themselves voluntarily under Venetian protection, thus staying the advance of the Ottomans. ... These territories came to be known for their staunch support of the Greek revolutionary cause, and Parga colluded with the independent Orthodox peoples of Souli in their chronic battles with Ali Pasha.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHansenHodgesLeppard2013" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Inge Lyse; Hodges, Richard; Leppard, Sarah (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3x-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Butrint 4: The Archaeology and Histories of an Ionian Town</i></a>. Oxbow Books. p. 1. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-84217-462-3</bdi>. <q>First it was isolated in a no mans land on the southern border of the new republic of Albania in a largely Greek-speaking territory.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHodges2016" class="citation book cs1">Hodges, Richard (November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65gnDQAAQBAJ"><i>The Archaeology of Mediterranean Placemaking: Butrint and the Global Heritage Industry</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 23. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1350006621</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLyse_HansenHodgesLeppard2013" class="citation book cs1">Lyse Hansen, Inge; Hodges, Richard; Leppard, Sarah (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2X9-AwAAQBAJ"><i>Butrint 4: The Archaeology and Histories of an Ionian Town</i></a>. Oxbow Books. pp. 2, 309. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1842174623</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich Gelzer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/abhandlungenbay06klasgoog#page/n596/mode/1up"><i>Ungedruckte und ungenügend veröffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum</i></a>, in: Abhandlungen der philosophisch-historische classe der <a href="Bayerische_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften">Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften</a>, 1901, p. 557, nº 564.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius Bonifacius Gams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=65154&dirids=1"><i>Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae</i></a>, Leipzig 1931, p. 430</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Lequien, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_86weAemI-e4C"><i>Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus</i></a>, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 139-142</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konrad Eubel, <i>Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002716&mediaType=application/pdf">vol. 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709140633/http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002716&mediaType=application%2Fpdf">Archived</a> 2019-07-09 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 143</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2013</i> (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-88-209-9070-1</bdi>), p. 855</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDame" class="citation web cs1">Dame, Marketing Communications: Web // University of Notre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classics.nd.edu/faculty/david-hernandez/">"David - Hernandez // Department of Classics // University of Notre Dame"</a>. <i>Department of Classics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHernandez2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hernandez, David R. (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2972/hesperia.86.2.0205">"Bouthrotos (Butrint) in the Archaic and Classical Periods: The Acropolis and Temple of Athena Polias"</a></span>. <i>Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens</i>. <b>86</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>271. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2972%2Fhesperia.86.2.0205">10.2972/hesperia.86.2.0205</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-098X">0018-098X</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2972/hesperia.86.2.0205">10.2972/hesperia.86.2.0205</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164963550">164963550</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMiziriMeshiniZoto2023" class="citation journal cs1">Miziri, Ela; Meshini, Mariglen; Zoto, Rudina (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue62/2/index.html">"Butrint National Park 'Integrated Management Plan' – Combining Natural Park with Cultural Heritage"</a>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (62). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.62.2">10.11141/ia.62.2</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_external_links">Sources and external links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Butrint" class="extiw external" title="commons:Butrint"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Butrint</span></a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0363.htm">GCatholic with incumbent bio links</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/butrint-archaeological-park-898b534daa6b409aafe4235dbf63eac5">3D model</a> of Butrint Archaeological Park</li></ul>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Butrint#Q188694" class="extiw external" title="wikivoyage:Butrint">Butrint</a></b></i>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Butrinto" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Butrinto">Butrinto</a></span>".</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Buthrotum" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Buthrotum">Buthrotum</a></span>".</div></div>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_information">General information</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801042730/http://butrint.al/">Butrint National Park</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.butrintfoundation.co.uk">The Butrint Foundation</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.butrinti2000.com">Butrinti 2000 International Festival of Theater</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shqiperia.com/foto/butrinti2.php">Photo Albums</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tripandtravelblog.com/a-good-reason-to-visit-albania-butrint/">Visiting Butrint</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903204835/https://www.dadajoe.com/b/butrint/">Butrint in Albania</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_articles">History articles</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040209055819/http://www.historychannel.com/classroom/unesco/butrint.html">More information</a> on Butrint from <a href="History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">The History Channel</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanian.com/information/history/roman.html">Rome and Albanian history</a> from Albania.com</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6278418.stm">Albania's Long-lost Roman City</a>, <a href="BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7980174.stm">In Pictures: Sights of Butrint</a>, BBC</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721045040/http://www.socher.org/gallery2/v/albania/butrinti/">176 photos from the archeological site of Butrint</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/research_projects/complete_projects/coins_from_butrint.aspx">Coins from Butrint: Numismatic research on archaeological excavation - The British Museum</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Ceka N., <i>Butrint: A guide to the city and its monuments</i> (Migjeni Books) Tirana 2005)</li>

<li>Crowson A., "Butrint from the Air", in <i>Current World Archaeology</i> 14 (2006).</li>

<li>Hansen, Inge Lyse and Richard Hodges, eds., <i>Roman Butrint: An Assessment</i>. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2007.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHodgesBowdenLako2004" class="citation cs2">Hodges, R.; Bowden, W.; Lako, K. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/varia/butr/butrint_2004.pdf"><i>Byzantine Butrint: Excavations and Surveys 1994–99</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Oxford: Oxbow Books</cite></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Hodges_(archaeologist)" title="Richard Hodges (archaeologist)">Richard Hodges</a> and Matthew Logue, "The Mid-Byzantine Re-Birth of Butrint", <i>Minerva</i> 18, #3 (May/June 2007): 41–43.</li>

<li>A. M. Liberati, L. Miraj, I. Pojani, F. Sear, J. Wilkes and B. Polci, ed. by O. J. Gilkes. <i>The Theatre at Butrint. Luigi Maria Ugolini's Excavations at Butrint 1928-1932</i>, (Albania Antica IV) (Supplementary volume no. 35. Published by the British School at Athens, 2003).</li>

<li>Jarrett A. Lobell, <i>Ages of Albania</i> (<i>Archeology</i> magazine March/April 2006)</li>

<li>Ugolini L. M., <i>Butrinto il Mito D'Enea, gli Scavi</i>. Rome: Istituto Grefico Tiberino, 1937 (reprint Tirana: Istituto Italiano di Cultura, 1999)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Albania989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Historic_Centres_of_Berat_and_Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastër">Historic Centres</a> of <a href="Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a> and <a href="Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a></li>

<li><a href="Gashi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Gashi River">Gashi River</a> and <a href="Rrajce" class="mw-redirect" title="Rrajce">Rrajca</a> part of <a href="Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li>

<li><a href="Ohrid_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohrid Lake">Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span style="font-size: 85%;"><sup><small>1</small></sup> with <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span><br><span style="font-size: 85%;"><sup><small>2</small></sup> This is the extension of the site that has been inscribed in North Macedonia since 1979. The area around the town of Pogradec at the shores of Lake Ohrid was inhabited by the Illyrians in the 5th century BC, followed by the Romans and the Slavs. Traces of the Roman road Via Egnatia are evidence of an important passage route in the region. The ruins of the paleo-christian church of Lin together with its floor mosaics reveal the presence of Christianity. The historical centre of Pogradec represents an example of 19th to 20th century Albanian vernacular architecture.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Albania221" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protected_areas_of_Albania221" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">Protected areas of Albania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amantia" title="Amantia">Amantia</a></li>

<li><a href="Antigonia_(Chaonia)" title="Antigonia (Chaonia)">Antigonea</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Byllis" title="Byllis">Byllis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lissus_(Illyria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lissus (Illyria)">Lissus</a></li>

<li><a href="Oricum" title="Oricum">Oricum</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenice" title="Phoenice">Phoenice</a></li>

<li><a href="Rozafa_Castle" title="Rozafa Castle">Shkodër</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biosphere reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ohrid-Prespa_Transboundary_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Ohrid-Prespa Transboundary Biosphere Reserve">Ohrid-Prespa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bird areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Butrint_Lagoon" title="Butrint Lagoon">Butrint Lagoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Karavasta_Lagoon" title="Karavasta Lagoon">Karavasta Lagoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Narta_Lagoon" title="Narta Lagoon">Narta Lagoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Lake_Ohrid" title="Lake Ohrid">Ohrid Lake</a></li>

<li><a href="Patok_Lagoon" title="Patok Lagoon">Patok Lagoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Lake_Prespa" title="Lake Prespa">Prespa Lake</a></li>

<li><a href="Sazan" title="Sazan">Sazan</a></li>

<li><a href="Viluni_Lagoon" title="Viluni Lagoon">Viluni Lagoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Bay_of_Vlor%C3%AB" title="Bay of Vlorë">Vlorë Bay</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alps_of_Albania_National_Park" title="Alps of Albania National Park">Alps of Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Butrint_National_Park" title="Butrint National Park">Butrint</a></li>

<li><a href="Dajti_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Dajti National Park">Dajti</a></li>

<li><a href="Divjaka-Karavasta_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Divjaka-Karavasta National Park">Divjakë-Karavasta</a></li>

<li><a href="Fir_of_Hotov%C3%AB-Dang%C3%ABlli_National_Park" title="Fir of Hotovë-Dangëlli National Park">Fir of Hotovë-Dangëll</a></li>

<li><a href="Karaburun-Sazan_Marine_Park" title="Karaburun-Sazan Marine Park">Karaburun-Sazan</a></li>

<li><a href="Llogara_National_Park" title="Llogara National Park">Llogara</a></li>

<li><a href="Prespa_National_Park_(Albania)" title="Prespa National Park (Albania)">Prespa</a></li>

<li><a href="Shebenik_National_Park" title="Shebenik National Park">Shebenik</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomorr_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomorr National Park">Tomorr</a></li>

<li><a href="Vjosa_Wild_River_National_Park" title="Vjosa Wild River National Park">Vjosë</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nature reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bogov%C3%AB_Nature_Park" title="Bogovë Nature Park">Bogovë</a></li>

<li><a href="Gashi_Valley" title="Gashi Valley">Gashi Valley</a></li>

<li><a href="Karaburun_Peninsula%2C_Albania" title="Karaburun Peninsula, Albania">Karaburun Peninsula</a></li>

<li><a href="Korab-Koritnik_Nature_Park" title="Korab-Koritnik Nature Park">Korab-Koritnik</a></li>

<li><a href="Kun%C3%AB-Vain-Tal%C3%AB-Patok-Fush%C3%ABkuqe-Ish%C3%ABm_Nature_Park" title="Kunë-Vain-Talë-Patok-Fushëkuqe-Ishëm Nature Park">Kunë-Vain-Talë-Patok-Fushëkuqe-Ishëm</a></li>

<li><a href="Mali_me_Gropa-Biz%C3%AB-Martanesh_Nature_Park" title="Mali me Gropa-Bizë-Martanesh Nature Park">Mali me Gropa-Bizë-Martanesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Lake_Shkod%C3%ABr_Nature_Reserve" title="Lake Shkodër Nature Reserve">Shkodër Lake</a></li>

<li><a href="Shtam%C3%AB_Pass_Nature_Park" title="Shtamë Pass Nature Park">Shtamë Pass</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protected landscapes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Buna_River-Velipoj%C3%AB_Protected_Landscape" title="Buna River-Velipojë Protected Landscape">Buna River-Velipojë</a></li>

<li><a href="Fir_of_Drenov%C3%AB-Sinic%C3%AB_Protected_Landscape" title="Fir of Drenovë-Sinicë Protected Landscape">Fir of Drenovë-Sinicë</a></li>

<li><a href="Guri_i_Nik%C3%ABs-Lenie-Valamar%C3%AB_Protected_Landscape" title="Guri i Nikës-Lenie-Valamarë Protected Landscape">Guri i Nikës-Lenie-Valamarë</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_Albania" title="List of Ramsar sites in Albania">Ramsar sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Butrint_Lagoon" title="Butrint Lagoon">Butrint Lagoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Lake_Skadar" title="Lake Skadar">Shkodër Lake</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_Prespa_Lake" title="Small Prespa Lake">Small Prespa Lake</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albanian_Riviera124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Albanian_Riviera124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Albanian_Riviera" title="Albanian Riviera">Albanian Riviera</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Himara" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara">Himara</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarand%C3%AB" title="Sarandë">Sarandë</a></li>

<li><a href="Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Borsh" title="Borsh">Borsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Dh%C3%ABrmi" title="Dhërmi">Dhërmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Iljas" title="Iljas">Iljas</a></li>

<li><a href="Ksamil" title="Ksamil">Ksamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Kudh%C3%ABs" title="Kudhës">Kudhës</a></li>

<li><a href="Lukov%C3%AB" title="Lukovë">Lukovë</a></li>

<li><a href="Palas%C3%AB" title="Palasë">Palasë</a></li>

<li><a href="Pilur" title="Pilur">Pilur</a></li>

<li><a href="Qeparo" title="Qeparo">Qeparo</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="National_Parks_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parks of Albania">National Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Butrint_National_Park" title="Butrint National Park">Butrint National Park</a></li>

<li><a href="Llogara_National_Park" title="Llogara National Park">Llogara National Park</a></li>

<li><a href="Karaburun-Sazan_National_Marine_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaburun-Sazan National Marine Park">Karaburun-Sazan National Marine Park</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_castles_in_Albania" title="List of castles in Albania">Castles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ali_Pasha_Castle" title="Ali Pasha Castle">Ali Pasha Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Porto_Palermo_Castle" title="Porto Palermo Castle">Porto Palermo Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Himara" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara">Himara Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="L%C3%ABkur%C3%ABsi_Castle" title="Lëkurësi Castle">Lëkurësi Castle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Albanian Ionian Sea Coast</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaonia" title="Chaonia">Chaonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Lab%C3%ABria" title="Labëria">Labëria</a></li>

<li><a href="Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">Tourism in Albania</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greeks_in_Albania645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greeks_in_Albania645" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Greeks_in_Albania" title="Greeks in Albania">Greeks in Albania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Greek_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek in Albania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Ancient Epirus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chaonians" title="Chaonians">Chaonians</a></li>

<li><a href="Omphales" title="Omphales">Omphales</a></li>

<li><a href="Dexaroi" title="Dexaroi">Dexaroi</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_revolt_of_1567-1572" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek revolt of 1567-1572">Revolt of 1567-1572</a></li>

<li><a href="Epirus_Revolt_of_1854" title="Epirus Revolt of 1854">Revolt of 1854</a></li>

<li><a href="Epirus_Revolt_of_1878" title="Epirus Revolt of 1878">Revolt of 1878</a></li>

<li><a href="Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara revolt of 1912</a></li>

<li><a href="Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li>

<li><a href="Protocol_of_Corfu" title="Protocol of Corfu">Protocol of Corfu</a></li>

<li><a href="Greco-Italian_War#Greek_counter-offensive_(14_November_1940_–_6_January_1941)" title="Greco-Italian War">Greco-Italian War in southern Albania</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Morava%E2%80%93Ivan" title="Battle of Morava–Ivan">Morava–Ivan</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Battle of Korçë">Korçë</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Saranda" title="Battle of Saranda">Saranda</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Himara" title="Battle of Himara">Himara</a></li>

<li><a href="Capture_of_Klisura_Pass" title="Capture of Klisura Pass">Klisura Pass</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Trebeshina" title="Battle of Trebeshina">Trebeshina</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_spring_offensive" title="Italian spring offensive">Italian spring offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Epirus_Liberation_Front" title="Northern Epirus Liberation Front">Northern Epirus Liberation Front</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Greeks_in_Albania#Culture" title="Greeks in Albania">Society<br>and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote dialect</a></li>

<li><a href="Laiko_Vima" title="Laiko Vima">Laiko Vima</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyphonic_song_of_Epirus" title="Polyphonic song of Epirus">Polyphonic song of Epirus</a></li>

<li><a href="Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Northern Epirus">Postage stamps and postal history</a></li>

<li><a href="Lasso_fund" title="Lasso fund">Lasso fund</a></li>

<li><br> <b>Education:</b> <a href="New_Academy_(Moscopole)" title="New Academy (Moscopole)">New Academy</a> (Moscopole)</li>

<li><a href="Zographeion_College" title="Zographeion College">Zographeion College</a> (Qestorat)</li>

<li><a href="Acroceraunian_School" title="Acroceraunian School">Acroceraunian School</a> (Himara)</li>

<li><a href="Dhuvjan_Monastery" title="Dhuvjan Monastery">Dhuvjan Monastery</a> (Dropull)</li>

<li><a href="Bangas_Gymnasium" title="Bangas Gymnasium">Bangas Gymnasium</a> (Korçë)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Ancient: <a href="Chaonia" title="Chaonia">Chaonia</a>, <a href="Parauaea" title="Parauaea">Parauaea</a>

<br>Medieval and modern: <a href="Dryinopolis" title="Dryinopolis">Dryinopolis</a>, <a href="Kolonia" title="Kolonia">Kolonia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements<sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><b>Ancient:</b> <a href="Phoenice" title="Phoenice">Phoenice</a></li>

<li><a href="Vouthroton" class="mw-redirect" title="Vouthroton">Vouthroton</a></li>

<li><a href="Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Avlon</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li>

<li><a href="Amantia" title="Amantia">Amantia</a></li>

<li><a href="Antigonia_(Chaonia)" title="Antigonia (Chaonia)">Antigonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Berat#History" title="Berat">Antipatreia</a></li>

<li><a href="Oricum" title="Oricum">Oricon</a></li>

<li><br> <b>Modern:</b> <a href="Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a></li>

<li><a href="Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a></li>

<li><a href="Himara" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara">Himara</a></li>

<li><a href="Delvin%C3%AB" title="Delvinë">Delvinë</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarand%C3%AB" title="Sarandë">Sarandë</a></li>

<li><a href="Dropull" title="Dropull">Dropull</a></li>

<li><a href="Pogon%2C_Albania" title="Pogon, Albania">Pogon</a></li>

<li><a href="P%C3%ABrmet" title="Përmet">Përmet</a></li>

<li><a href="Leskovik" title="Leskovik">Leskovik</a></li>

<li><a href="Bilisht" title="Bilisht">Bilisht</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscopole" title="Moscopole">Moscopole</a></li>

<li><a href="Zv%C3%ABrnec" title="Zvërnec">Zvërnec</a></li>

<li><a href="Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a></li>

<li><a href="Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a></li>

<li><a href="Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Greeks_in_Albania#Organizations" title="Greeks in Albania">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Omonoia_(organization)" title="Omonoia (organization)">Omonoia</a></li>

<li><a href="Greeks_in_Albania#Organizations" title="Greeks in Albania">Panepirotic Federation of America</a></li>

<li><a href="Panepirotic_Federation_of_Australia" title="Panepirotic Federation of Australia">Panepirotic Federation of Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Unity_for_Human_Rights_Party" title="Unity for Human Rights Party">Unity for Human Rights Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_Greek_Minority_for_the_Future" title="Ethnic Greek Minority for the Future">Ethnic Greek Minority for the Future</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Greeks_in_Albania#Notable_people" title="Greeks in Albania">Individuals</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><b>Benefactors: </b> <a href="Apostol_Arsache" title="Apostol Arsache">Apostol Arsache</a></li>

<li><a href="Evangelos_Zappas" title="Evangelos Zappas">Evangelos</a> and <a href="Konstantinos_Zappas" title="Konstantinos Zappas">Konstantinos Zappas</a></li>

<li><a href="Ioannis_Pangas" title="Ioannis Pangas">Ioannis Pangas</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgios_Sinas" title="Georgios Sinas">Georgios</a> and <a href="Simon_Sinas" title="Simon Sinas">Simon Sinas</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexandros_Vasileiou" title="Alexandros Vasileiou">Alexandros</a> and <a href="Michael_Vasileiou" title="Michael Vasileiou">Michael Vasileiou</a></li>

<li><a href="Christakis_Zografos" title="Christakis Zografos">Christakis Zografos</a></li>

<li><b>Literature: </b> <a href="Theodore_Kavalliotis" title="Theodore Kavalliotis">Theodore Kavalliotis</a></li>

<li><a href="Katina_Papa" title="Katina Papa">Katina Papa</a></li>

<li><a href="Konstantinos_Skenderis" title="Konstantinos Skenderis">Konstantinos Skenderis</a></li>

<li><a href="Takis_Tsiakos" title="Takis Tsiakos">Takis Tsiakos</a></li>

<li><a href="Tasos_Vidouris" title="Tasos Vidouris">Tasos Vidouris</a></li>

<li><a href="Stavrianos_Vistiaris" title="Stavrianos Vistiaris">Stavrianos Vistiaris</a></li>

<li><a href="Andreas_Zarbalas" title="Andreas Zarbalas">Andreas Zarbalas</a></li>

<li><b>Politics:</b> <a href="Fredi_Beleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredi Beleri">Fredi Beleri</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgios_Christakis-Zografos" title="Georgios Christakis-Zografos">Georgios Christakis-Zografos</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiro_Ksera" title="Spiro Ksera">Spiro Ksera</a></li>

<li><a href="Vangjel_Dule" title="Vangjel Dule">Vangjel Dule</a></li>

<li><a href="Vasil_Bollano" title="Vasil Bollano">Vasilis Bolanos</a></li>

<li><b>Military/Resistance:</b> <a href="Kyriakoulis_Argyrokastritis" title="Kyriakoulis Argyrokastritis">Kyriakoulis Argyrokastritis</a></li>

<li><a href="Dimitrios_Doulis" title="Dimitrios Doulis">Dimitrios Doulis</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikolaos_Dailakis" title="Nikolaos Dailakis">Nikolaos Dailakis</a></li>

<li><a href="Konstantinos_Lagoumitzis" title="Konstantinos Lagoumitzis">Konstantinos Lagoumitzis</a></li>

<li><a href="Zachos_Milios" title="Zachos Milios">Zachos Milios</a></li>

<li><a href="Athanasios_Pipis" title="Athanasios Pipis">Athanasios Pipis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ioannis_Poutetsis" title="Ioannis Poutetsis">Ioannis Poutetsis</a></li>

<li><a href="Vasileios_Sachinis" title="Vasileios Sachinis">Vasileios Sachinis</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgios_Soulios" title="Georgios Soulios">Georgios Soulios</a></li>

<li><a href="Spyromilios" title="Spyromilios">Spyromilios</a></li>

<li><a href="Spyros_Spyromilios" title="Spyros Spyromilios">Spyros Spyromilios</a></li>

<li><b>Sports:</b> <a href="Pyrros_Dimas" title="Pyrros Dimas">Pyrros Dimas</a></li>

<li><a href="Sotiris_Ninis" title="Sotiris Ninis">Sotiris Ninis</a></li>

<li><a href="Panajot_Pano" title="Panajot Pano">Panajot Pano</a></li>

<li><a href="Leonidas_Sabanis" title="Leonidas Sabanis">Leonidas Sabanis</a></li>

<li><a href="Andreas_Tatos" title="Andreas Tatos">Andreas Tatos</a></li>

<li><b>Clergy:</b> <a href="Photios_of_Korytsa" title="Photios of Korytsa">Photios Kalpidis</a></li>

<li><a href="Vasileios_of_Dryinoupolis" title="Vasileios of Dryinoupolis">Vasileios of Dryinoupolis</a></li>

<li><a href="Panteleimon_Kotokos" title="Panteleimon Kotokos">Panteleimon Kotokos</a></li>

<li><a href="Eulogios_Kourilas_Lauriotis" title="Eulogios Kourilas Lauriotis">Eulogios Kourilas Lauriotis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Includes localities with a substantial ethnic Greek population, or otherwise with any kind of cultural or other type of significance, historical or current, for the Greek minority in Albania.<br><sup><small>2</small></sup> Includes individuals not necessarily of Greek ethnicity but with important contributions to Greek civilization.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Albania&#124;link=Albania_Castles_in_Albania222" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C19A6B;"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Albania&#124;link=Albania_Castles_in_Albania222" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Albania" title="Albania"></a></span></span> Castles in <a href="Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C19A6B;;width:1%"><a href="Northern_Albania" title="Northern Albania">Northern Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Burgajet_Castle" title="Burgajet Castle">Burgajet</a></li>

<li><a href="Drisht_Castle" title="Drisht Castle">Drisht</a></li>

<li><a href="Durr%C3%ABs_Castle" title="Durrës Castle">Durrës</a></li>

<li><a href="Grazhdan_Castle" title="Grazhdan Castle">Grazhdan Castle</a></li>

<li><a href="Ish%C3%ABm_Castle" title="Ishëm Castle">Ishëm</a></li>

<li><a href="Kruj%C3%AB_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Krujë Castle">Krujë</a></li>

<li><a href="Lezh%C3%AB_Castle" title="Lezhë Castle">Lezhë</a></li>

<li><a href="Rodoni_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodoni Castle">Rodoni</a></li>

<li><a href="Rozafa_Castle" title="Rozafa Castle">Rozafa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C19A6B;;width:1%"><a href="Central_Albania" title="Central Albania">Central Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fortress_of_Bashtov%C3%AB" title="Fortress of Bashtovë">Bashtova</a></li>

<li><a href="Dajti_Castle" title="Dajti Castle">Dajti</a></li>

<li><a href="Dor%C3%ABzi_Fortress" title="Dorëzi Fortress">Dorëzi</a></li>

<li><a href="Elbasan_Castle" title="Elbasan Castle">Elbasan</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortress_of_Justinian" title="Fortress of Justinian">Justinian Fortress</a></li>

<li><a href="Persqopi_Castle" title="Persqopi Castle">Persqopi</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrel%C3%AB_Castle" title="Petrelë Castle">Petrelë</a></li>

<li><a href="Peqin_Castle" title="Peqin Castle">Peqin</a></li>

<li><a href="Prez%C3%AB_Castle" title="Prezë Castle">Prezë</a></li>

<li><a href="Tujani_Castle" title="Tujani Castle">Tujani</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C19A6B;;width:1%"><a href="Southern_Albania" title="Southern Albania">Southern Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ali_Pasha_Castle" title="Ali Pasha Castle">Ali Pasha</a></li>

<li><a href="Amantia" title="Amantia">Amantia</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia (Illyria)</a></li>

<li><a href="Badh%C3%ABr_Castle" title="Badhër Castle">Badhër</a></li>

<li><a href="Berat_Castle" title="Berat Castle">Berat</a></li>

<li><a href="Borsh_Castle" title="Borsh Castle">Borsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Byllis" title="Byllis">Byllis</a></li>

<li><a href="Delvin%C3%AB_Castle" title="Delvinë Castle">Delvinë</a></li>

<li><a href="Dimale" title="Dimale">Dimale</a></li>

<li><a href="Gjirokast%C3%ABr_Fortress" title="Gjirokastër Fortress">Gjirokastër</a></li>

<li><a href="Castle_of_Gjon_Bo%C3%A7ari" title="Castle of Gjon Boçari">Gjon Boçari</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanin%C3%AB_Castle" title="Kaninë Castle">Kaninë</a></li>

<li><a href="Kardhiq_Castle" title="Kardhiq Castle">Kardhiq</a></li>

<li><a href="Kelcyre_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelcyre Castle">Këlcyrë</a></li>

<li><a href="Libohov%C3%AB_Castle" title="Libohovë Castle">Libohovë</a></li>

<li><a href="L%C3%ABkur%C3%ABsi_Castle" title="Lëkurësi Castle">Lëkurësi</a></li>

<li><a href="Marg%C3%ABlli%C3%A7_Castle" title="Margëlliç Castle">Margëlliç</a></li>

<li><a href="Paleokastra_Castle" title="Paleokastra Castle">Paleokastra</a></li>

<li><a href="Pogradec_Castle" title="Pogradec Castle">Pogradec</a></li>

<li><a href="Porto_Palermo_Castle" title="Porto Palermo Castle">Porto Palermo</a></li>

<li><a href="Skel%C3%AB_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Skelë Castle">Skelë</a></li>

<li><a href="Skrapar_Castle" title="Skrapar Castle">Skrapar</a></li>

<li><a href="Tepelena_Castle" title="Tepelena Castle">Tepelena</a></li>

<li><a href="Venetian_Acropolis_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Acropolis Castle">Venetian Acropolis</a></li>

<li><a href="Venetian_Triangular_Castle" title="Venetian Triangular Castle">Venetian Triangular</a></li>

<li><a href="Vokopol%C3%AB_Castle" title="Vokopolë Castle">Vokopolë</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C19A6B;"><div>

<dd><a href="List_of_castles_in_Albania" title="List of castles in Albania">List of castles in Albania</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188694#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1299" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188694#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1299" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133798839">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4489547-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88142065">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Butrint (zaniklé město)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge354364&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007567335305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/530824">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kulturenvanteri.com/yer/?p=116529">Kulturenvanteri monument</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/b017aad3-6991-491b-b821-60dfad88313a">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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